Authors: James Wiseman, Kōnstantinos L. Zachos
Edition: illustrated
Publisher: ASCSA, 2003
ISBN 0876615329, 9780876615324
292 pages
Human societies at all times an in all parts of the world interact with the landscape they inhabit; it could not be otherwise, even if the interaction were somehow limited to the selective exploitation of natural resources. Human activities alter the landscape and the natural environment, often in dramatic ways; the alterations may occur as the result of human design, as in clearing a forest to plant crops, or may be incidental, as in the destruction (or reshaping) of a mountainside by Roman miners of precious metals. Conversely, humans at varous times in the past have pysically adapted to changes in their envirnment (especially in the distant past), or responded to environmental change in variety of other way. Some of these response, such as migration or technological innovation, have been drastic and revolutionary in their effect and are often recognizable in the archaeological record, while other responses were more gradual, even subtle, and are more difficult to detect. To acknowledge the importance of the natural setting, of the environment at large, in studying change in human society is not to deny the important of intercultural relationships, or the role of the individual intellect or collective social conscience in the evolution of ethical, spirutual, or other sociocultural phenomena in human affairs. The point is that to understand and explain changes in human society over time, it is critically important to study society in relationship to the changing environment in which it existed. Through this approach to the past archaeologists are able to provide insights into the factors that underlie changes in human-land relationships, sometimes over a short time-span or even regarding specific events, but especially over the long term. And they can explore those interculutural relationships and sociocultural phenomena cited above, which themselves evolved within specific environmental settings and change.
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